The Mysterious Moon of Makemake

As weve explored in other stories, the outer solar system is really the new frontier of space exploration. This region, also called​  the Kuiper Belt, is populated with many icy, distant and small worlds that were once completely unknown to us. Pluto is the largest among them known (so far), and was visited in 2015 by the New Horizons mission.   The Hubble Space Telescope has the visual acuity to make out tiny worlds in the Kuiper Belt. For example, it resolved the moons of Pluto, which are very small. In its exploration of the Kuiper Belt, HST spotted a moon orbiting a world smaller than Pluto called Makemake. Makemake was discovered in 2005 via ground-based observations and is one of five known dwarf planets in the solar system. Its name comes from the natives of Easter Island, who saw Makemake as the creator of humanity and a god of fertility. Makemake was discovered shortly after Easter, and so the discoverers wanted to use a name in keeping with the word. The moon of Makemake is called MK 2, and it covers a pretty wide orbit around its parent body. Hubble spotted this little moon as it was about 13,000 miles away from Makemake. The world Makemake itself is only about 1434 kilometers (870 miles) wide and was discovered in 2005 via ground-based observations, and then further observed with HST. MK2 is perhaps only 161 kilometers (100 miles) across, so finding this tiny little world around a small dwarf planet was quite an accomplishment. What Does Makemakes Moon Tell us? When Hubble and other telescopes discover worlds in the distant solar system, they deliver a treasure trove of data to planetary scientists. At Makemake, for example, they can measure the length of the moons orbit. That allows researchers to calculate MK 2s orbit. As they find more moons around Kuiper Belt objects, planetary scientists can make some assumptions about the likelihood of other worlds having satellites of their own. In addition, as scientists study MK 2 in greater detail, they can figure out more about its density. That is, they can determine whether its made of rock or a rock-ice mix, or is an all-ice body. In addition, the shape of MK 2s orbit will tell them something about where this moon came from, that is, was it captured by Makemake, or did it form in place? Its history is likely very ancient, dating back to the origin of the solar system. Whatever we learn about this moon will also tell us something about conditions in the early epochs of solar system history, whe n worlds were forming and migrating.   Whats It Like on This Distant Moon? We dont really know all the details of this very distant moon, yet. It will take years of observations to nail down its atmospheric and surface compositions. Although planetary scientists dont have an actual picture of the surface of MK 2, they know enough to present us with an artists concept of what it might look like. It appears to have a very dark surface, likely due to discoloration by ultraviolet from the Sun and loss of bright, icy material to space. That little factoid comes NOT from a direct observation, but from an interesting side-effect of observing Makemake itself. Planetary scientists studied Makemake in infrared light and kept seeing a few areas that seemed warmer than they should be. It turns out what they may have been seeing as dark warmer patches were likely the dark-colored moon itself.   The realm of the outer solar system and the worlds it contains have a lot of hidden information about what conditions were like when the planets and moons were forming. Thats because this region of space is a veritable deep-freeze. It preserves ancient ices in much the same state they were when they formed during the birth of the Sun and planets.   Yet, that doesnt mean things dont change out there. On the contrary; there is plenty of change in the Kuiper Belt. On some worlds, such as Pluto, there ARE processes that heat and change the surface. That means that worlds DO change in ways that scientists are just beginning to understand. No longer does the term frozen wasteland mean that the region is dead. It simply means that temperatures and pressures out in the Kuiper Belt result in very different-looking and behaving worlds. Studying the Kuiper Belt is an ongoing process. There are many, many worlds out there to find—and eventually explore. Hubble Space Telescope, as well as several ground-based observatories are the front line of Kuiper Belt studies. Eventually, the James Webb Space Telescope will be set to work observing this region too, helping astronomers locate and chart the many bodies that still live out in the solar systems deep freeze.

Human Trafficking Is Today s Version Of Slavery - 873 Words

We Are People Human trafficking is today’s version of slavery. Victims are forced into labor, prostitution, and other exploitations. In 2007 three brothers conspired together to trafficked women from Mexico to New York, Queens. The brothers threatened, assaulted, and psychologically coerced the young women and minors into prostitution. These men were committed to sex trafficking that one of the brothers, Victor Leonel Estrada- Tepal, forced his wife, who was only seventeen at the time, into their sex trafficking trade. The brothers did not tell the women the real truth of why they were taking them to the United States. In January 2014 the three brothers were arrested and in 2015 they plead guilty to sex trafficking through the use of force, fraud, and coercion of the young women. The brothers are facing a minimum of fifteen years in prison to a life sentence in prison. According to HSI Special Agent-in-Charge Hayes, â€Å"These men preyed on innocent women, luring them into t he United States under false pretenses and then cruelly enslaving them to satisfy their own greed in a ruthless prostitution scheme† (â€Å"Justice News†). These men are only one example of human traffickers. Human trafficking is a globally wide problem and countries are not working together to end this issue. Society should focus on achieving international human rights and promote an internal standard of laws against human trafficking. Although Utilitarians argue we should maximize happiness of the majority byShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking2466 Words   |  10 PagesCombating Human Trafficking Over the past several years, human trafficking has become a sizable world-wide problem. Human Trafficking has had a considerable affect on the World and United States. To combat this, several laws and initiatives have been enacted. 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These transnational crimes are extremely profitable and are in no means going to stop unless enforced at the UnitedRead MoreHuman Rights And The Right Of Humanity And Eradicate Human Abuses1903 Words   |  8 PagesAbstract Human rights organization, groups or institutions work to protect the right of humanity and eradicate human rights abuses. Some of these institutions, groups or organization are specific to the type, nature and extent of the human rights law, they deal with, while others tackle issues relating to the whole. The latter is usually a very active group as human rights in many ways are affected by the whole process of globalization and capitalism. It is true that the most effect human rights agentsRead MoreHuman/sex trafficking in Amsterdam1901 Words   |  8 Pagesâ€Å"We thought slavery was a thing of the past. We haven’t been paying attention† (Atlanta Hosts Passion 2012). 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The effects and implications of using ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performance Free Essays

Throughout the history of sport, ergogenic aids have always been taken to enhance performance at sport. However, in more recent times physiological knowledge has improved and there are many more ergogenic aids becoming available for athletes. Some of these aids are legal and some are illegal. We will write a custom essay sample on The effects and implications of using ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performance or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore, when working as a coach, it is important to know which are legal and which are illegal so that you can avoid any risk of your athlete being prosecuted. One ergogenic aid that is prohibited is blood doping. This practice involves the athletes taking a certain amount of blood out of their body and frozen. Their bodies will then make up for this blood loss and after that process is complete, the blood that they took out is injected back into them. This process has a positive effect on sports performance as the number of red blood cells in your body is increased. Blood doping is most commonly used by endurance athletes, such as distance runners, skiers and cyclists. By increasing the number of red blood cells within the blood, higher volumes of haemoglobin are present. Haemoglobin binds to and carries Oxygen from the lungs and to the muscles where it can be used for aerobic respiration. Blood doping therefore allows extra Oxygen to be transported to the working muscles, resulting in a higher level of performance, without the use of the anaerobic energy systems. However, there are also many side effects to blood doping. Re injecting blood can cause many problems. Firstly it can easily cause infection to the athlete which can result in heart problems such as a heart attack. It can also cause blood clots in the body which can be fatal, jaundice which is the skin, eyes and body fluids turning yellow. One example of blood doping being used was at the winter Olympics. Six Austrian skiers had all been found to be using to using blood doping in an attempt to improve in the cross country skiing event. The skiers were called Wolfgang Perner and Wolfgang Rottmann and the cross-country skiers Martin Tauber, Jurgen Pinter, Johannes Eder, Roland Diethart and Christian Hoffmann. This particular event is an aerobic event as it lasts for a long time, with the competitors covering huge distances. Therefore the extra red blood cells in their bodies would have meant that they were able to go on much longer and faster than they would normally be able to. As a punishment, all six skiers were banned for life from the Olympics A second example of a prohibited ergogenic aid in sport is diuretics. Diuretics are banned in sports because they can help with weight loss and could also be used to speed up the elimination of drugs from the system. This can be very helpful to athletes competing in many different sports such as boxing, horse racing or rowing. One example would be a boxer that has put on weight between fights and is therefore too heavy for the weight category they are fighting in. Diuretics would help them to lose weight much more quickly than by natural means and they would be able to pass the weigh in. They help the sportsperson lose weight by increasing the volume of urine produced by promoting the excretion of salts and water from the kidney. This results in them losing a lot of water through urine, which causes them to lose weight very quickly. The second reason they are banned is, if you take a banned substance that is excreted through urine, it could speed up the elimination of drugs from the system. If it is being used in this way, it is not so much an aid to improve performance but could cover up for another prohibited aid. There are two main side effects to diuretics that damage a persons performance levels in sport. The first of these is dehydration. Diuretics work by removing all excess water and this means that dehydration often occurs. This will immediately have an effect on sports performance. Firstly, blood will become thicker and therefore more difficult to pump around the body, resulting in less oxygen being carried through the blood to the muscles. The body will then overheat due to an inability to sweat because of dehydration. Finally, Waste products such as lactic acid are not discreeted due to water conversation. A second effect on sports performance is muscles weakening, which is very important for sports people such as boxers. This is due to the poor blood supply to muscles. An example of the consequences that diuretics can cause is in boxers. They used to have the weigh in on the day of the fight. This meant that any boxer using diuretics would have to use them on the same day as they were fighting. The diuretics would get rid of any excess water in the body but the problem was that it took away the layer of water between the skull and the brain. This layer of liquid protects the brain from hitting the side of the skull when knocked. Therefore, without this protection, many boxers developed brain damage after years of boxing. Another prohibited ergogenic aid is beta blockers. Beta blockers are banned in many sports due to their ability to slow the heart rate. It is precision sports such as snooker, darts and diving that they improve performance in as they give you more control over slight movements. Beta blockers are normally given for the treatment of angina, high blood pressure, irregular heart beats or following a heart attack. They act by interfering and inhibiting certain nerve impulses being transmitted through the nervous system. They act by reducing the demand of oxygen required by the heart, lower heart rate and reduce the production of adrenalin. There are many possible side-effects of these drugs, but some people may not suffer from any. Possible effects include dizziness and fainting caused by the medications lowering heart rate too much and blood vessels can narrow causing cold and pale fingers and toes. On the other hand, there are also permitted ergogenic aids. This means that they can improve sports performance, but are still allowed by governing bodies of sports. One example of this is altitude training. Altitude training is very useful to any sports people that are competing in aerobic events. Many long distance runners either come from countries at high altitude or move there to train. Altitude training works because when the athlete trains at high altitude, there is very little oxygen in the air. The body soon adapts to this change of oxygen available and produces more red blood cells than normal. This means that there is increased haemoglobin levels in the blood that aren’t lost when the athlete returns back to lower altitude to compete. These effects usually last for about two weeks after altitude training and result in much better endurance levels. There are very few side effects to altitude training as long as athletes do not over train themselves at altitude. It has been scientifically proven to have positive effects on performance. Altitude training is proven to have a positive effect on sporting performance b the Kenyan long distance runners. For years they have dominated all long distance running events. Kenya is at a very high altitude and the effects that the athletes get from training in their home country is proven in the times on the track. Another permitted ergogenic aid is psychological techniques. The increased stress of competitions can cause athletes to react both physically and mentally in a manner that can negatively affect their performance abilities. They may become tense, their heart rates race, break into sweat, worry about the outcome of the competition or find it hard to concentrate on the task in hand. There are many different psychological techniques that can be used to combat these effects on the body. These include imagery techniques, relaxation techniques and goal setting. There are three psychological factors which athletes must have control over to improve performance. These are confidence, control and commitment. Confidence is improved through mental imagery. Using imagery, the athlete is able to imagine a previous good performance, remembering how they felt and acted. It also allows you to imagine yourself winning at the end, feeling like you have already been in the same situation and improving confidence. Control is improved through relaxation techniques. An example of a relaxation technique is through meditation. If athletes complete meditation before competing, they will be able to be much more relaxed and have control over what they are doing. The final technique that athletes can use is goal setting, which can improve commitment in sport. If they are given something to aim for, with multiple small aims along the way, they are more likely to complete any objectives they have. There are no side effects to psychological techniques as long as they have the necessary skills to complete them. An example of psychological skills improving performance in sport is through Johnny Wilkinson. Whenever he is kicking a conversion, he pictures an elderly woman standing at the other side of the goal posts that catches the ball. This improves confidence and concentration as it makes the task at hand seem much simpler. One of the very few drugs that is allowed my governing bodies of all sports is paracetamol. These have been seen to not improve sporting performance and therefore are not banned. However, they could be used to help a performance in certain sports. Paracetamol work as pain killers. Therefore, any sport that requires its participants to go through pain may benefit from paracetamol. One example of a sport where athletes go through pain in is boxing. If boxers took some paracetamol before going out to fight, it is possible that it will help cover some of the pain when they are getting punched. They are most commonly used for aches such as head aches so they may also stop the boxers from getting head aches after being punched. It is not just contact sports however that deal with aches and pains. Nearly all sports at the top level require its participants to push their bodies to their absolute limit and through the pain barrier. A sport such as long distance running for example will cause a lot of aches on the athlete’s body and paracetamol will help cover these. There are very few side effects to paracetamol as they are widely used by everyone to stop pains. This means that we know more about the dangers than we would of a new drug that may be illegal, as it is used by less people. The only danger would be if the athlete took an overdose which could cause serious problems or be fatal. How to cite The effects and implications of using ergogenic aids for exercise and sports performance, Papers

Comparison of Three Articles about Organizational Learning in Schools Essay Sample free essay sample

The chief end of this study is to analyze different paperss which tackles information engineering direction. For this analysis. the literature reappraisal will concentrate on the organizational acquisition in educational or school degree. In this analysis three articles will be given accent.â€Å"Organizational Learning theory in Schools. † â€Å"Assessing alteration: can organizational learning work for schools? †andâ€Å"Structural barriers: redesigning schools to make learning organisations. † First Article: Organizational larning theory in schools For this research survey. the range of the survey is to set up organizational acquisition theory which evolves from the empirical and theoretical surveies of assorted administrations and to make grounded theory that explains organisational acquisition in educational and school establishments. In this research the inquiries that has been given accent is about the finding of the precedence of the organizational acquisition in schools and to cognize the grounds on the trouble of larning new models. During the hunt period. this paper has used assorted cardinal universes for research. These cardinal words include organisational acquisition. organisational learning theories. organisational alteration and school based organisational earning. The beginnings include secondary paperss that tackle about organisational theories in schools. For this research survey. the survey has been able to analyze the execution of instructional engineering being a procedure of organisational acquisition in the chosen simple schools. In order to accomplish the aim of the paper. the research survey has used qualitative informations. The qualitative informations have been used for placing the determiners of organisational acquisition which has been discussed as grounded theory. Qualitative information has besides been used to construct the relationship between structural systemic and societal psychological science of organisational theories and contexts. In making so. the research worker have conducted extended interviews with the chosen six instructors. territory affair for engineering and principal. The research worker besides observed the six instructors who used instructional engineering as portion of their teaching-learning procedure and from self-supported cognitive function of instructors. The findings of the survey revealed five facets that influenced organisational acquisition and these facets include the consistence every bit good as the comprehensiveness of distribution of information. uncertainness or capriciousness. the trouble of larning new conceptual theoretical accounts and the easiness of larning new modus operandis. It can be said that the paper has been dependable all throughout and its greatest parts is its geographic expedition of the relationship among single group and organisational acquisition and in associating assorted figure of surveies and organisational theories to analyze organisational larning on schools. As mentioned the first research survey has been able to utilize observation and interview methods in assorted groups of persons. For case interview were conducted to 6 instructors of the simple schools. principal and the direct affair of engineering. This is done to garner pertinent informations among involved single. Aside from these the 6 instructors have been observed during the category. Through this. the research has been able to develop organisational larning theory in schools. Although this paper has been able to reply some inquiries. this research has still many inquiries left unresolved. This include how organisational acquisition affected by the nature of the work of the organisation. it cardinal engineering and the degree to which such organisational work is mensurable In add-on. this research has non besides been able to supply replies on how does the comparative focal point of the system-structure. readings or modus operandis affects organisational acquisition and to what extent do these theories of single acquisition every bit good as societal cognitive or behavioral theories and constructs apply to organisations and groups. With this. future research every bit good as theory development can be conducted to reply such indispensable questions in the application of organisational acquisition constructs to schools. Second Article:Measuring alteration: can organizational learning work for schools For the 2nd article. the range of the research is to mensurate the practical use and effectivity of organisational larning intercession in a non progressive organisation. non specifically chartered learning administration and was located in a multi-culturally diverse. urban and under privilege community. For this. the cardinal inquiry that should be given accent is to cognize how organisational acquisition can work for schools. In this research survey. the keyword used includes organisational acquisition ; organisational alteration in schools. larning organisations. working patterns and organisational leading relevant to multi-culturally diver school organisation. These constructs have been found in assorted diaries and educational articles relevant to organisational alterations. The research survey has used different research designs. In this respect. the research worker has been able to used empirical instance surveies and study attack. Herein. the employees were surveyed for pre and station intercession. In add-on. informations aggregation includes the consideration of the archival information in footings of turnover rates for the old ages bracketing the intercession. The usage of qualitative and quantitative attack was considered. In add-on. analysis has revealed that the Centre has been able to cut down turnover rates and enhanced in organisational acquisition every bit good as morale of the organisation and their clime. The analysis has shown the relationships between alteration towards organisational acquisition and organisational clime dimensions such as assessment and acknowledgment. supportive leading and end congruity. Through the usage of archival informations it can be said that the research was dependable throughout the survey. In this survey the research worker opted to utilize a group of employees for study intents. These employees have been chosen to reply the questions provided and to cognize their perceptual experience on a given statements. The survey-questionnaire method was used for both qualitative and quantitative informations. On the other manus. the archival information of the turnover rates were used for the quantitative analysis. In this research. there are some spreads which remained unresolved. For case. the findings of the survey do non uncover how organisational acquisition helps the altering organisation. In add-on. the research attack is non good defined which affect the consequence. With this. it can be said that the future research should concentrate on how organisational acquisition helps or assists school organisational alterations and the factors that influences the success and failure of the said alteration. Article 3: Structural barriers: redesigning schools to make learning organisations The range of the 3rd article is to concentrate on schools and give accent on the structural dimensions of the organisation and its hierarchal design of information flows among the stakeholders. In add-on. this research survey besides gives accent on the current structural barriers which create learning organisations. During the hunt period. this paper has used assorted cardinal universes for research and to find which surveies would be relevant for the given issue. These cardinal words include organisational acquisition. larning organisation. organisational construction and school organisations. In order to accomplish the aim and intent of the paper. the research worker has used conceptual theoretical accounts for its research design. Herein. the research attempted to utilize different theoretical model relevant to the survey. The survey revealed that the old procedure every bit good as perceptual experience of the employees alterations as they relate it to larning which are moderated by construction. It has besides revealed that in order to be successful in larning administration. the organisation must be able to see alterations. It can be said that the research has been dependable in all facet of the survey. Using conceptual theoretical accounts. the research worker has been able to separate and groups different theories and organisational acquisition to cognize which will be relevant for this survey. In add-on. qualitative attack was used for contextual analysis. It can be said that the survey has non been able to bridge the spread in certain facets. For case. the research worker has non been able to place the germinating barriers for organisational acquisition. Furthermore. this research has non been able to reply some questions about the structural barriers of the redesigning school organisation towards larning as perceived by the employees. In this respect. the research worker must carry on future research concentrating on the perceptual experience of employees about this subject. It can be said that each of the three articles have used different attacks to run into the aim of the paper. In add-on. each has their ain strengths and failings which should be addressed to better the survey. Mention Austin. MS and Harkins. DA 2008. Measuring alteration: can organizational acquisition â€Å"work† for schools?The Learning OrganizationYear: Volume 15. Issue 2. pp. 105 – 125 Randeree. Tocopherol 2006. Structural barriers: redesigning schools to make learning organisations.International Journal of Educational ManagementVolume. 20. Issue 5. pp. 397 – 404

Adjective Placement Patterns for English Learners

Adjective Placement Patterns for English Learners Adjectives  describe nouns. Often, writers use only one adjective to describe a noun either by placing the adjective in front of the noun or by using a stative verb and placing the adjective at the end of the sentence, as in:  Hes an interesting person, or, Jane is very tired. Knowing where to place adjectives in relation to nouns is a key part of learning to speak and write English fluently.   Multiple Adjectives In some cases, you might use more than one adjective- even as many as three or more- to describe a noun. In thee cases, the adjectives need to follow a pattern based on their type or category. In these and the following examples, adjectives are listed in italics. Hes an excellent, older, Italian  teacher.I bought a  huge, round, wooden  table. Adjective Order When more than one adjective is used to describe a noun, English speakers use a specific adjective order when placing each adjective. If they do this in written form, they sometimes separate each adjective with a comma when the adjectives are  coordinate, notes  Purdue OWL. That is, they have equal weight and could be reversed without changing the meaning of the sentence, as in: He drives a  big, expensive, German car.Her employer is an interesting, old, Dutch  man. In other cases, when using adjectives that are not coordinate to describe a  noun, place the adjectives in the following order before the noun. Opinion:  an interesting book; a boring lectureDimension:  a big apple; a thin walletAge:  a new car; a modern building; an ancient ruinShape:  a square box; an oval mask; a round ballColor:  a pink hat; a blue book;  a black coatOrigin:  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Italian shoes; a Canadian town; an American carMaterial:  a wooden box; a woolen sweater; a plastic toy Other Examples These examples of nouns modified with three adjectives in the correct order follow the explanations from the previous section. Notice that in the sentences, adjectives are not separated by commas. The types of adjectives are listed in parentheses and in order following each example. A wonderful old Italian clock (opinion - age - origin)A big square blue box (dimension - shape - color)A disgusting pink plastic ornament (opinion - color - material)Slim new French trousers (dimension - age - origin) Adjective-Placement Quiz Once youve reviewed adjective placement, have students check their understanding by placing the three listed adjectives in the correct order before the noun. The noun is listed on the left, followed by a colon and then the three adjectives. The correct answers follow the quiz questions. Book: interesting - small - SpanishPicture: modern - ugly - rectangularOpinion: old - boring - AmericanApple: ripe - green - deliciousSuit: woolen - large - blackHouse: beautiful - modern - smallMagazine: German - slender - strangeCap: cotton - funny - green When students have completed the quiz, review the correct answers with them. An interesting small Spanish bookAn ugly modern rectangular pictureA boring old American opinionA delicious ripe green appleA large black woolen suitA beautiful small modern houseA strange slender German magazineA funny green cotton cap If students struggle to answer correctly, review the correct placement of adjectives as discussed previously.

Biography of Saddam Hussein of Iraq

Biography of Saddam Hussein of Iraq Born: April 28, 1937 at Ouja, near Tikrit, Iraq Died: Executed December 30, 2006 in Baghdad, Iraq Ruled: Fifth President of Iraq, July 16, 1979 to April 9, 2003 Saddam Hussein endured childhood abuse and later torture as a political prisoner. He survived to become one of the most ruthless dictators the modern Middle East has seen. His life began with despair and violence and ended the same way. Early Years Saddam Hussein was born to a shepherds family on April 28, 1937 in northern Iraq, near Tikrit. His father disappeared before the child was born, never to be heard from again, and several months later, Saddams 13-year-old brother died of cancer. The babys mother was too despondent to care for him properly. He was sent to live with the family of his uncle Khairallah Talfah in Baghdad. When Saddam was three, his mother remarried and the child was returned to her in Tikrit. His new stepfather was a violent and abusive man. When he was ten, Saddam ran away from home and returned to his uncles house in Baghdad. Khairallah Talfah had recently been released from prison, after serving time as a political prisoner. Saddams uncle took him in, raised him, allowed him to go to school for the first time, and taught him about Arab nationalism and the pan-Arabist Baath Party. As a youth, Saddam Hussein dreamed of joining the military. His aspirations were crushed, however, when he failed the military school entrance exams. He attended a highly nationalistic secondary school in Baghdad instead, focusing his energy on politics. Entry into Politics In 1957, the twenty-year-old Saddam formally joined the Baath Party. He was selected in 1959 as part of an assassination squad sent to kill the Iraqi president, General Abd al-Karim Qasim. However, the October 7, 1959 assassination attempt did not succeed. Saddam had to flee Iraq overland, by donkey, moving first to However, the October 7, 1959 assassination attempt did not succeed.   Saddam had to flee Iraq overland, by donkey, moving first to Syria for a few months, and then going into exile in Egypt until 1963. Baath Party-linked army officers overthrew Qasim in 1963, and Saddam Hussein returned to Iraq. The following year, due to infighting within the party, he was arrested and imprisoned. For the next three years, he languished as a political prisoner, enduring torture, until he escaped in 1967. Free from prison, he began to organize followers for yet another coup. In 1968, Baathists led by Saddam and Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr took power; Al-Bakr became president, and Saddam Hussein his deputy.   The elderly Al-Bakr was nominally the ruler of Iraq, but Saddam Hussein really held the reins of power.   He sought to stabilize the country, which was divided among Arabs and Kurds, Sunnis and Shiites, and rural tribes versus urban elites. Saddam dealt with these factions through a combination of modernization and development programs, improved living standards and social security, and brutal suppression of anyone who caused trouble despite these measures.   On June 1, 1972, Saddam ordered the nationalization of all foreign-owned oil interests in Iraq. When the 1973 energy crisis struck the following year, Iraqs oil revenues shot up in a sudden windfall of wealth for the country. With this flow of money, Saddam Hussein instituted free compulsory education for all Iraq children all the way through university; free nationalized medical care for all; and generous farm subsidies. He also worked to diversify Iraqs economy, so that it would not be utterly dependent on volatile oil prices. Some of the oil wealth also went into chemical weapons development. Saddam used some of the proceeds to build up the army, party-linked paramilitaries, and a secretive security service. These organizations used disappearances, assassination, and rape as weapons against perceived opponents of the state. Rise to Formal Power In 1976, Saddam Hussein became a general in the armed forces, despite having no military training. He was the de facto leader and strongman of the country, which was still supposedly ruled by the sickly and aged Al-Bakr. Early in 1979, Al-Bakr entered into negotiations with Syrian President Hafez al-Assad to unite the two countries under al-Assads rule, a move that would have marginalized Saddam from power. To Saddam Hussein, the union with Syria was unacceptable. He had become convinced that he was the reincarnation of the ancient Babylonian ruler Nebuchadnezzar (r. 605 - 562 BCE)  and destined for greatness. On July 16, 1979, Saddam forced Al-Bakr to resign, naming himself president. He called a meeting of the Baath party leadership  and called out the names of 68 alleged traitors among those assembled.   They were removed from the room and arrested; 22 were executed. In the following weeks, hundreds more were purged and executed. Saddam Hussein was not willing to risk party in-fighting like that in 1964 that had landed him in prison. Meanwhile, the Islamic Revolution in neighboring Iran put the Shiite clergy in power there. Saddam feared that Iraqi Shiites would be inspired to rise up, so he invaded Iran. He used chemical weapons against the Iranians, tried to wipe out Iraqi Kurds on grounds that they might be sympathetic to Iran, and committed other atrocities. This invasion turned into the grinding, eight-year-long Iran / Iraq War.   Despite Saddam Husseins aggression and violations of international law, much of the Arab world, the Soviet Union, and the United States all supported him in the war against Irans new theocracy. The Iran/Iraq War left hundreds of thousands of people dead on both sides, without changing the borders or governments of either side. To pay for this expensive war, Saddam Hussein decided to seize the oil-rich Gulf nation of Kuwait on grounds that it was historically part of Iraq. He invaded on August 2, 1990. A US-led coalition of UN troops drove the Iraqis out of Kuwait just six weeks later, but Saddams troops had created an environmental catastrophe in Kuwait, setting fire to the oil wells. The UN coalition pushed the Iraqi army back well inside Iraq  but decided not to roll on to Baghdad and depose Saddam. Domestically, Saddam Hussein cracked down ever harder on real or imagined opponents of his rule. He used chemical weapons against the Kurds of northern Iraq  and tried to wipe out the marsh Arabs of the delta region. His security services also arrested and tortured thousands of suspected political dissidents. Second Gulf War and Fall On September 11, 2001, al-Qaeda launched a massive attack on the United States. US government officials began to imply, without offering any proof, that Iraq might have been implicated in the terrorist plot. The US also charged that Iraq was developing nuclear weapons; UN weapons inspection teams found no evidence that those programs existed. Despite the lack of any ties to 9/11 or any proof of WMD (weapons of mass destruction) development, the US launched a new invasion of Iraq on March 20, 2003. This was the beginning of the Iraq War, or Second Gulf War. Baghdad fell to the US-led coalition on April 9, 2003. However, Saddam Hussein escaped. He remained on the run for months, issuing recorded statements to the people of Iraq urging them to resist the invaders. On December 13, 2003, US troops finally located him in a tiny underground bunker near Tikrit.   He was arrested and sent to a US base in Baghdad. After six months, the US handed him over to the interim Iraqi government for trial. Saddam was charged with 148 specific counts of murder, torture of women and children, illegal detention, and other crimes against humanity. The Iraqi Special Tribunal found him guilty on November 5, 2006, and sentenced him to death. His subsequent appeal was denied, as was his request for execution by firing squad instead of hanging. On December 30, 2006, Saddam Hussein was hanged at an Iraqi army base near Baghdad. Video of his death soon leaked on the internet, sparking international controversy.

Post natal depression - a challenging Phase for the new mothers Essay

Post natal depression - a challenging Phase for the new mothers - Essay Example If one has a close watch on these mothers, they will exhibit roller coaster of emotions leading to extreme mood swings. In a way, the symptoms of post natal depression could be similar to other mental other depression. Early Signs In most of the cases, the mothers are usually unsure of what is happening and they may not know what needs to be done to solve the problem. Literally they will be cornered. They are often filled with mixed emotions with the joy of the new born and at the same time dissatisfaction with their body conditions and other mental pressures. A common thing that will be visible most of the affected new mothers is the lack of sleep. Some of the other symptoms include low self esteem, negative thoughts, irritability, poor concentration and difficulty in making crucial decisions, loss of appetite, etc. Failure in identifying the post natal depression can cause devastating effects on both the mother and the child. Like any other depression, the post natal depression can also be cured and the patients need not panic because of their condition, as the only step they have to take is identify the symptoms early and get treated immediately. What are the factors that could lead to Post natal depression? Physical changes â€Å"New mothers are experiencing biological, physical, emotional and social changes. It is likely that postnatal depression is caused by a combination of these things.† (â€Å"The Causes for Postnatal Depression†). From the above sentence one can clearly understand that the main causes of the Post natal depression is based on the Physical changes, emotional changes and social changes a mother will undergo after the delivery of her child. Many friends of mine, who were recent mothers, revealed that they felt worn out and was tired all the time, after the delivery. This is one of the major physical changes and it can be described in the form of the exhaustions and the post operative pain, if the expectant mother had a caesa rian delivery. Also the mother’s appetite may be affected due to improper intake of food and as a result they may become physically worn-out. They feel less confident and also less attractive because of the changes in the body conditions and become less inclined to look after themselves. As new mothers will be naturally fat due to pregnancy, they will think that their beauty has all gone, and their husbands will not like them. Emotional Changes The next aspect that could cause this Post-natal depression is the strong emotional changes, which may occur in the mothers’ minds. They may not experience the same positive feelings, which they might have had or expected during the pregnancy, after they had delivered their babies. â€Å"Adapting to parenthood is daunting.† (â€Å"Better health Channel†). As per the statement the new mothers need to fulfill the constant demands of the child which is a highly tiresome process. On the other hand, the tiredness caused due to the delivery pain can also bring about depression and therefore they will not be overwhelmed with their babies. Social Changes The other vital contributing factor for the post natal depression is the social changes, when will be undergone by the mother. It seems that even the whole society could act as a ‘villain’ against the mother. That is, the arrival of the new baby might cause an upheaval in